Ammonium Nitrate Facts and Uses

Ammonium nitrate is the nitrate salt of the ammonium cation. It may be considered the ammonium analog to potassium nitrate or saltpeter. Its chemical formula is NH4NO3  or N2H4O3.  In pure form, ammonium nitrate is a crystalline white solid that readily dissolves in water. Heat or ignition readily cause the substance to ignite or explode. Ammonium nitrate is not considered toxic. Options for Obtaining Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium nitrate may be purchased  as a pure chemical or  collected from instant cold packs or some fertilizers.  The compound is most commonly prepared by reacting nitric acid and ammonia. Its also possible to prepare ammonium nitrate from common household chemicals. While it is not difficult to make ammonium nitrate, it is dangerous to do so as the chemicals involved can be hazardous. In addition, it can easily become explosive when mixed with fuels or other chemicals. Ammonium Nitrate Uses and Sources Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound used in agriculture as a fertilizer, to make pyrotechnics, as an ingredient in cold packs, and for science demonstrations. Its also used to create controlled explosions in mining and quarrying. It was once mined as a natural mineral (niter) in the deserts of Chile, but it is no longer available except as a man-made compound. Because ammonium nitrate may be misused, it has been phased out in many countries.

May Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

May is National Inventors Month,   a  month-long event celebrating invention and creativity.  Discover which clever creations came into being or received patents or trademarks during the May calendar, and find out  which famous inventor shares your May birthday.  Ã‚   May Inventions and Birthdays May 1 1888 -  Patent #382,280 was granted to Nikola Tesla for the electrical transmission of power. May 3 1831 -  Jim Manning patented a mowing machine.  However, the very first patent for a machine for mowing lawns was granted to Edwin Beard Budding. May 4 1943 - A patent for helicopter controls was obtained by Igor Sikorsky. Sikorsky invented fixed-winged and multi-engined aircraft, transoceanic flying boats and helicopters. May 5 1809 - Mary Kies was the first women to receive a patent. It was for a process for weaving straw with silk or thread. May 6 1851  -  John Gorrie received the ice-making machine patent. May 7 1878 - Joseph Winters  received the fire escape ladder patent. May 9 1958 - Mattels Barbie doll was registered. The Barbie doll was invented in 1959 by Ruth Handler (co-founder of Mattel), whose own daughter was called Barbara. May 10 1752  - Benjamin Franklin first tested his  lightning rod. Franklin invented the lightening rod, iron furnace stove, bifocal glasses and  odometer. May 12 1885  - Ottmar Mergenthaler received a patent for a machine for producing printing bars. May 14 1853 - Gail Borden invented her process for condensed milk. May 15 1718 - James Puckle, a London lawyer, patented the worlds first machine gun. May 17 1839 - Lorenzo Adkins patented a water wheel. May 18 1827 - Artist Rembrandt Peale registered a lithographic portrait of President George Washington  based on his famous oil painting.1830 - Edwin Beard Budding of England signed a licensing agreement for the manufacture of his invention, the lawn mower. May 19 1896  - Edward Acheson was issued a patent for an electrical furnace used to produce one of the hardest industrial substances:  carborundum. May 20 1830 - D. Hyde patented the fountain pen.1958 - Robert Baumann obtained a patent for a satellite structure. May 22 1819 - The first bicycles, called swift walkers, were introduced to the United States in New York City.1906  - Orville and Wilbur Wright received a patent for a Flying Machine with a motor. May 23 1930 -  The Patent Act of 1930 permitted patenting of certain plants. May 24 1982 - Increased penalties for trafficking in counterfeit labels for certain works and criminal infringement of these works were added to the Copyright Act in 1982. May 25 1948 - Andrew Moyer was granted a patent for a method of mass production of penicillin. May 26 1857 - Robert Mushet received a patent for methods of manufacturing steel. May 27 1796 - James McLean was issued a patent for a piano. May 28 1742 - The first indoor swimming pool opened in Goodmans Fields, London.  1996 - Theo and Wayne Hart received a patent for a ponytail hair clasp. May 30 1790 -  The first Federal Copyright bill was enacted in 1790.1821 - James Boyd patented the rubber fire hose. May Birthdays May 2 1844 -  Elijah McCoy, the highly prolific African-American inventor, was born. May 12 1910 - Dorothy Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances. May 13 1857 - English pathologist  Ronald Ross won the Nobel Prize in 1902. May 14 1686 -  Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit  invented  the thermometer.1946 - Surgeon and  inventor  Robert Jarvik  invented the Jarvik 7 artificial heart. May 15 1859 - French physicist  Pierre Curie  shared the Nobel Prize in 1903 with his wife, Marie Curie.1863 - English toy inventor  Frank Hornby founded the legendary Meccano Toy Company. May 16 1763 - French chemist  Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin discovered chromium and beryllium.1831 -  David Edward Hughes  invented the carbon microphone and a teleprinter.1914 - American scientist  Edward T. Hall pioneered the study of nonverbal communication and interactions between members of different ethnic groups.1950 - German superconductivity physicist  Johannes Bednorz won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987. May 17 1940 - American computer scientist Alan Kay was one of the true luminaries of personal computing.   May 18 1872 - English mathematician and  philosopher Bertrand Russell won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950.1901 - American biochemist  Vincent du Vigneaud won he 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in important sulphur compounds.1907 - Nuclear physicist  Robley D. Evans  helped to persuade the US government to allow the use of radioactive isotopes in medical research.1928 - Nuclear scientist  G.R. Hall was renown for his work in nuclear technology. May 20 1851 -  Emile Berliner of Germany was  the inventor of the  gramaphone. May 22 1828 - Albrecht Grafe was a pioneer eye surgeon who founded modern ophthalmology.1911 - Russian mathematician and  biologist Anatol Rapoport invented game theory.1927 - American scientist  George Andrew Olah was a chemist and Nobel laureate. May 29 1826 - Fashion business executive Ebenezer Butterick  invented the first graded sewing  pattern.

The Secret Circle The Divide Chapter 26 Free Essays

Cassie woke up at five the next morning, on the dot, without her alarm. It was like her body was so attuned to the day’s mission that manmade technologies of convenience, like clocks, were deemed unnecessary. She felt one with the elements today, no longer at their mercy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 26 or any similar topic only for you Order Now She got up from bed and dressed ceremonially, like a Spartan warrior preparing for battle. She wrapped herself in the white shift Diana had given her and proudly snapped the silver cuff-bracelet onto her upper arm, the leather garter around her thigh, and the sparkling diadem upon her head. She was ready to go save her sister. Cassie made her way downstairs to the kitchen. She had to borrow her mother’s car, but she couldn’t exactly tell her mother she needed it so she could battle the witch hunters and save the sister she was never told about. So she’d have to take it without asking. That seemed to be the theme of this entire mission: Take what you need to get the job done and explain later. And she would. All would be revealed later, to her mother, to Diana, Faye, Adam, everyone. For now, Cassie couldn’t allow any guilt to creep up and distract her – she had to focus solely on getting to Cape Cod. But as Cassie drove farther away from Crowhaven Road and then farther away from New Salem, a sickness inside her began to form. Nerves, she figured, and she told herself her began to form. Nerves, she figured, and she told herself she had every right to feel nervous; this was a dangerous act. The hunters had black magic on their side. The Master Tools will not let me down in my moment of need, Cassie thought. And that reminded her of the chalcedony rose she had hidden within her pocket. It was the good-luck piece Adam gave her long ago in case she was in trouble – she’d brought it with her just in case. After everything they’d been through and disagreed over these past few weeks, Cassie still believed in Adam and had faith in their bond. Did they need a rare crystal to connect them at this point in their relationship? No, of course not. Maybe Cassie only brought the chalcedony piece out of superstition, but even so, it calmed her to stroke its rugged surface. The stone felt alive in her grasp the way it did when Adam had first given it to her. Hold on to it tight, he’d told her, and think of me. She did that now and felt her courage grow. But crossing over the county line into the town of Sandwich, Cassie’s fear heightened to a new level. The decaying sign alerting that she’d arrived read: INCORPORATED 1639, reminding Cassie of the deep-rooted history of the place as the oldest town in Cape Cod. The Tools themselves seemed to react to the setting all on their own. Cassie could swear they were warming to her body, growing hotter by the second as she followed the course she’d mapped out to Hawthorne Street. She should have a plan of attack, she realized, for when she encountered the hunters. She knew the witch-hunter curse by heart, and the Tools would surely come to her aid, but now that the reality of the situation was setting in, questions began to form in Cassie’s mind. She didn’t know how many hunters there would be. Was there a limit to how many she could take down with the one curse? And what if Scarlett was in even worse shape when she arrived than in Cassie’s dream? There was a fear lurking in the back of Cassie’s mind that Scarlett could have already been killed. Again, Cassie felt for the chalcedony rose. But even with the crystal’s comfort, when the house at 48 Hawthorne Street came into view, her whole being flooded with fear. It was just as she’d imagined it in her nightmares, identical to the image that came to her during the location spell. It was a broken-down beach cottage with driftwood-gray siding, and it was near the end of a long, desolate, sandy lane, with a large body of water on one side and tidal marshes on the other. There was no other house in sight. The terrible feeling in Cassie’s gut grew. The acid from her stomach crept up her throat, filling her mouth with a sickening taste. Every inch of her body screamed for her to turn around and drive back home. But she knew she couldn’t allow her fear to get the best of her now. Not when she’d come this far. With determination, she got out of the car and treaded across the long grass toward the house, but after only a few steps she froze. She tried to continue forward and couldn’t. There was some kind of magical barrier protecting the house’s perimeter, similar to the one Faye used to guard the hidden garter. But that would be easy enough for Cassie to penetrate while wearing the Tools. She touched each relic individually, adjusting them into place, and silently called on their collective power. It wasn’t her imagination, the Tools did feel hot to her touch, she was sure of it. â€Å"Be now dissolved, powerful shield!† Her voice left her throat sounding deep and gravelly as she sent all of her energy toward the house. She focused hard and said the words again, this time pushing with her mind until she felt the power of the Tools rush out of her like a blistering heat. The spell seemed to work at once. The dark cloud perched over the house cleared, and the guarding force at the property’s perimeter disappeared. The relics are really working, Cassie thought to herself. Scarlett was as good as saved. Without delay, she continued forward unhindered. Practicing the witch-hunter curse in her mind, she walked slowly and carefully in a state of deep meditation toward the house. When she was inches away from the front door, she could see it was windblown and water-damaged, rotted to a softness no wood should be. And the foundation of the house creaked and rattled in the wind, like it could come crashing down at any moment. It occurred to Cassie to try some kind of protection spell on herself before entering, or maybe another silence spell to assist her in sneaking into the house. But then she thought better of it. She would step inside just as she was, no cowardly tricks, no sleight of hand. The Tools were the only power she needed. Cassie listened for voices but heard none. In the eerie silence, the fear that Scarlett had already been killed raced through her mind. An image of her dead body hanging from the ceiling, swinging back and forth, like the arm of a clock – tick tock, tick tock – haunted Cassie. But she couldn’t step through this door with the slightest bit of distraction. She’d have seconds to cast the curse, less than that in fact. Cast the curse, rescue Scarlett, and then get the heck out of there. That was the plan. Carefully, Cassie placed her hand upon the rotted softness of the door. To her surprise, it wasn’t locked. In fact, it didn’t even appear to be fully closed. She pushed on its damp surface gently with the palm of her hand, and it swept open effortlessly. She was already chanting the witch-hunter curse under her breath, ready for anything that came at her, but when she stepped inside, the scene was nothing like what she saw in her dreams. The main room was large and tidy. Its walls were painted an oceanic blue and were finished with bright white crown molding. The hardwood floors were freshly waxed, and the air inside the room was warm and cedar-scented with the heat of a wood-burning fire. Scarlett was there, by herself, lounging on a faded sofa in front of the fireplace. Her dyed-red hair cascaded in healthy waves onto her shoulders, framing her rosy-cheeked smirking face. â€Å"Finally,† she said. â€Å"I’ve been getting so bored up here waiting for you.† Instantly Cassie knew she’d made a terrible mistake. This was all a trap. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 26, Essay examples

Managing Organizations and Leading People Business Model

Question: Describe about the Managing Organizations and Leading People for Business Model. Answer: Introduction When leadership comes in play, it tends to focus mostly on changes, the changes mainly work on creating systems that are needed by managers and eventually there is elevation of them to a whole new level. Looking at some of the definition of leadership, Ciulla (2008) argues that leadership tends to be a process that influences others to uniquely understand and agree on what is needed to be done and how it should be done, as well as the process that facilitates the individual or collective efforts to attain the shared objectives. Definition by Zehndorfer (2016) sees leadership as a process where individuals influence groups to achieve a common objective. Hence, the definitions create a central phenomenon such as individuals achieving a common goal or leadership involving influence of others. As a result of this definition the whole development of this paper will focus on the charismatic model of leadership whose aim is mostly focusing on the leadership aspect. Therefore, for effective argument of the charismatic leadership model, perhaps it would be important to at least try and come up with a complete overview of charismatic leadership description. Thus, charismatic according to Conger (1985) is a leadership styles that is recognized but perceived by many with less tangibility compared to other leadership styles. This kind of reality is receives difficult association of direct definition of charisma in an individual only when examine the individual. Zehndorfer (2016) works on defining the charisma model led to his categorization of charisma as an untraditional form of influence whereby leaders tend to possess exceptional qualities as perceived by followers. At times charisma is often a trait that is perceived to another, but the problem comes in describing the actual perception without direct reference of particular behaviour, traits or characteristics. Also followers attribution of charismatic qualities to leadership tends to be jointly determined by leadership expertise, behaviour or aspect of the situation. Taking exceptional behaviour aside, contextual factors such as crisis tends to have a significant role in charisma attribution. Therefore, the above overview effectively describes the view of a charismatic leader, thus in explaining the main issues of charismatic leadership; we will consider three factors that is vision, communication and trust. Ethics in Trust Establishing trust relationship with your followers as a leader tends to be crucial for any charismatic leader. Ingram (2013) creates notes that trust tends to be an extra ordinary because of its similarity with reverence. Sadler (2003) claims that trust must be in high levels between the leaders and followers, thus the aspect of integrity tends to be vital for creation of trust relationships. At times integrity is established through the demonstration of honesty and consistency that is between the said values and persons actions. Therefore, in this model of leadership for there to be trust one must always speak the truth for the purpose of quantifying values that one espouses to others. Thus, for purpose of full adherence to values charismatic leaders need to develop an understanding that of needs and values of followers. Hence, a subtle that is sensitive to play in this where leaders understand the need and values of followers and respect them via continuing mirror of personal conv ictions. Hence, in trust development it tends to be a process that effectively substantiates a charismatic leader poise and self sacrifice. Often this means that one is ready to sacrifice his position, money or other valued tangible activities that prove inherent congruent and maintain high levels of trust and relationship. Based on the above discussion of charismatic leader must accomplish this efforts through maintenance of trust and integrity. Teamwork through Communication Development of effective communication tends to be an essential quality in any form of leadership. With this in mind, it tends not to be different in charismatic leaders, but charismatic leaders have a unique character compared to the non charismatic leaders. Thus, for charismatic leaders effective communication factor goes beyond the merely dissemination of information. For effectiveness there is need of charismatics to include the emotional appeals within their rhetorics (Dayan Chan, 2012). Hence, this includes the use of symbols, metaphors, dramatic languages that tend to lend credibility to the communication process. Also, ideas, thoughts and concepts need to be articulated via inspiration and motivating manner. Hence, when charismatic leaders communicate with emotion, inspiration and motivation, the followers tend to react with charisma. At times charisma needs to appear with confidence and communication acts as self-confidence in rhetorical efforts (Stutje, 2012). Hence, this tends to be true mostly from distant charismatic leaders who communicate with followers through internet, television or radio. Hence, it will be expected that charismatic leaders will be recognized for the exciting and passionate public oratory. Hence, the methods of communication tend to be integral to the attribution of charisma (Ingram, 2013). Therefore, charisma leaders are often remembered because of their rousing speeches where crowds were frenzied with excitement. Thus, as a charisma leader you need to close the bridge distance gap and create effective communication via a variety of media for the purpose of being considered charismatic by your followers. Leadership in Vision Similar to communication, establishment of vision tends to be a vital trait for a successful leader. For charismatic leaders they often emerge with a vision that is mainly solution oriented and different from the status quo. Hence, new vision tends to be different from the way things were done previously and it tends to be an important separator compared to other leadership styles. As noted by Stutje (2012) other leadership styles tends to have a less radical new vision, thus charismatic leader tend to engage followers in radical change. Avolio Yammarino (2002) further indicates that a charismatic leader always articulates an ideological vision. Hence, the ideological vision being portrayed tends to be source of differentiation from the normative. Followers only attribute visionary attribute of charisma to leaders who have set personalized vision that allows steadfast resolve (Ciulla, 2008). But, truth of matter is that followers will not only attribute to charisma based on vision b ut with proper enthusiastic articulation of the vision. Therefore, charismatic leaders always translate radical and innovative ideas into social ideas, thus concerns of vision tends to be the internalization of vision in followers that tends to directly lead to attribution of charisma to leaders. From the three aspects discussed, it tends to provide an in-depth analysis of the charismatic leadership model. But, the most significant aspect is on how charismatic leaders organize or handle emerging situations based on charismatic model. After looking at this perhaps it would be vital to describe some of the leadership traits, skills and tasks which are effective in a leaders case, they include: Passionate- here, leaders need to be passionate in what they do. This is mainly done through levels of commitment which motivates team member to do a better work. Also, modelling of attitude tends to be a vital a leader must have so as to successful attained the set objectives (Zehndorfer, 2016). Assertiveness- as leaders you set requirements for you team and goals that need fulfilment. Therefore, in instances where leaders arent meeting expectations they need to be assertive. For an assertive leader, he or she should be bold and firm to go after the set goals. Thus, such levels of certainty and confidence may be important for tackling issues in your team. Empowering- supporting of team members tends to be the best way of encouraging members to perform. Empowering makes it clear that you trust team members judgement (Ciulla, 2008). Thus, as a leader you should give authority to people to carry out their duties and show them the significance of respect. Confidence- for a successful leader being confident in abilities and decisions tends to be a vital aspect. Therefore, for purpose of encouraging followers as a leader you should be confident with a strong feeling of sense of certainty about choices you make (Stutje, 2012). Flexibility- it is widely known that not everything goes as planned in any business. At times competitors tend to change tactics or there may be new government regulations. Therefore, it is vital for a leader to be flexible so as to change courses so as to make sure that a business survives. Responsibility- a successful leader is always responsible. A responsible leader always takes of the activities that are happening in a business. Therefore, as a leader you should always scrutinize activities in your firm so as to be able to effective and avoid losses in your businesses. In conclusion, the above discussion tends to significantly show how leadership is an important aspect in the attainment of organizational goals. Charismatic leaders based on the discussion provided are effective an efficient in the attainment of organizational goals. This tends to be so because of the aspects that emerge when one possess the charismatic qualities. Therefore, it should be recommended that based on the above discussion leaders adopt the above stated traits so as to become effective leaders. References Strong, C. R. (2009).The role of charismatic leadership in ending the Cold War: the presidencies of Boris Yeltsin, Vaclav Havel, and Helmut Kohl. Lewiston, Edwin Mellen Press Zehndorfer, E. (2016).Charismatic leadership: the role of charisma in the global financial crisis. Conger, J. A. (1985).Charismatic leadership in business: an exploratory study : a thesis. Sadler, P. (2003).Leadership. London, Kogan Page Ltd. Stutje, J. W. (2012).Charismatic leadership and social movements: the revolutionary power of ordinary men and women. New York, Berghahn Books. Dayan, H., Chan, K. B. (2012).Charismatic leadership in Singapore: three extraordinary people. New York, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Ingram, H. J. (2013).Charismatic leadership phenomenon in radical and militant Islamism. Farnham, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (2002).Transformational and charismatic leadership: the road ahead. Amsterdam, JAI. Zehndorfer, E. (2016).Charismatic leadership. [S.l.], Routledge. Ciulla, J. B. (2008).Leadership at the crossroads. Westport, Conn, Praeger.