May Calendar of Famous Inventions and Birthdays

May is National Inventors Month,   a  month-long event celebrating invention and creativity.  Discover which clever creations came into being or received patents or trademarks during the May calendar, and find out  which famous inventor shares your May birthday.  Ã‚   May Inventions and Birthdays May 1 1888 -  Patent #382,280 was granted to Nikola Tesla for the electrical transmission of power. May 3 1831 -  Jim Manning patented a mowing machine.  However, the very first patent for a machine for mowing lawns was granted to Edwin Beard Budding. May 4 1943 - A patent for helicopter controls was obtained by Igor Sikorsky. Sikorsky invented fixed-winged and multi-engined aircraft, transoceanic flying boats and helicopters. May 5 1809 - Mary Kies was the first women to receive a patent. It was for a process for weaving straw with silk or thread. May 6 1851  -  John Gorrie received the ice-making machine patent. May 7 1878 - Joseph Winters  received the fire escape ladder patent. May 9 1958 - Mattels Barbie doll was registered. The Barbie doll was invented in 1959 by Ruth Handler (co-founder of Mattel), whose own daughter was called Barbara. May 10 1752  - Benjamin Franklin first tested his  lightning rod. Franklin invented the lightening rod, iron furnace stove, bifocal glasses and  odometer. May 12 1885  - Ottmar Mergenthaler received a patent for a machine for producing printing bars. May 14 1853 - Gail Borden invented her process for condensed milk. May 15 1718 - James Puckle, a London lawyer, patented the worlds first machine gun. May 17 1839 - Lorenzo Adkins patented a water wheel. May 18 1827 - Artist Rembrandt Peale registered a lithographic portrait of President George Washington  based on his famous oil painting.1830 - Edwin Beard Budding of England signed a licensing agreement for the manufacture of his invention, the lawn mower. May 19 1896  - Edward Acheson was issued a patent for an electrical furnace used to produce one of the hardest industrial substances:  carborundum. May 20 1830 - D. Hyde patented the fountain pen.1958 - Robert Baumann obtained a patent for a satellite structure. May 22 1819 - The first bicycles, called swift walkers, were introduced to the United States in New York City.1906  - Orville and Wilbur Wright received a patent for a Flying Machine with a motor. May 23 1930 -  The Patent Act of 1930 permitted patenting of certain plants. May 24 1982 - Increased penalties for trafficking in counterfeit labels for certain works and criminal infringement of these works were added to the Copyright Act in 1982. May 25 1948 - Andrew Moyer was granted a patent for a method of mass production of penicillin. May 26 1857 - Robert Mushet received a patent for methods of manufacturing steel. May 27 1796 - James McLean was issued a patent for a piano. May 28 1742 - The first indoor swimming pool opened in Goodmans Fields, London.  1996 - Theo and Wayne Hart received a patent for a ponytail hair clasp. May 30 1790 -  The first Federal Copyright bill was enacted in 1790.1821 - James Boyd patented the rubber fire hose. May Birthdays May 2 1844 -  Elijah McCoy, the highly prolific African-American inventor, was born. May 12 1910 - Dorothy Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances. May 13 1857 - English pathologist  Ronald Ross won the Nobel Prize in 1902. May 14 1686 -  Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit  invented  the thermometer.1946 - Surgeon and  inventor  Robert Jarvik  invented the Jarvik 7 artificial heart. May 15 1859 - French physicist  Pierre Curie  shared the Nobel Prize in 1903 with his wife, Marie Curie.1863 - English toy inventor  Frank Hornby founded the legendary Meccano Toy Company. May 16 1763 - French chemist  Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin discovered chromium and beryllium.1831 -  David Edward Hughes  invented the carbon microphone and a teleprinter.1914 - American scientist  Edward T. Hall pioneered the study of nonverbal communication and interactions between members of different ethnic groups.1950 - German superconductivity physicist  Johannes Bednorz won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987. May 17 1940 - American computer scientist Alan Kay was one of the true luminaries of personal computing.   May 18 1872 - English mathematician and  philosopher Bertrand Russell won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950.1901 - American biochemist  Vincent du Vigneaud won he 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in important sulphur compounds.1907 - Nuclear physicist  Robley D. Evans  helped to persuade the US government to allow the use of radioactive isotopes in medical research.1928 - Nuclear scientist  G.R. Hall was renown for his work in nuclear technology. May 20 1851 -  Emile Berliner of Germany was  the inventor of the  gramaphone. May 22 1828 - Albrecht Grafe was a pioneer eye surgeon who founded modern ophthalmology.1911 - Russian mathematician and  biologist Anatol Rapoport invented game theory.1927 - American scientist  George Andrew Olah was a chemist and Nobel laureate. May 29 1826 - Fashion business executive Ebenezer Butterick  invented the first graded sewing  pattern.

The Secret Circle The Divide Chapter 26 Free Essays

Cassie woke up at five the next morning, on the dot, without her alarm. It was like her body was so attuned to the day’s mission that manmade technologies of convenience, like clocks, were deemed unnecessary. She felt one with the elements today, no longer at their mercy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 26 or any similar topic only for you Order Now She got up from bed and dressed ceremonially, like a Spartan warrior preparing for battle. She wrapped herself in the white shift Diana had given her and proudly snapped the silver cuff-bracelet onto her upper arm, the leather garter around her thigh, and the sparkling diadem upon her head. She was ready to go save her sister. Cassie made her way downstairs to the kitchen. She had to borrow her mother’s car, but she couldn’t exactly tell her mother she needed it so she could battle the witch hunters and save the sister she was never told about. So she’d have to take it without asking. That seemed to be the theme of this entire mission: Take what you need to get the job done and explain later. And she would. All would be revealed later, to her mother, to Diana, Faye, Adam, everyone. For now, Cassie couldn’t allow any guilt to creep up and distract her – she had to focus solely on getting to Cape Cod. But as Cassie drove farther away from Crowhaven Road and then farther away from New Salem, a sickness inside her began to form. Nerves, she figured, and she told herself her began to form. Nerves, she figured, and she told herself she had every right to feel nervous; this was a dangerous act. The hunters had black magic on their side. The Master Tools will not let me down in my moment of need, Cassie thought. And that reminded her of the chalcedony rose she had hidden within her pocket. It was the good-luck piece Adam gave her long ago in case she was in trouble – she’d brought it with her just in case. After everything they’d been through and disagreed over these past few weeks, Cassie still believed in Adam and had faith in their bond. Did they need a rare crystal to connect them at this point in their relationship? No, of course not. Maybe Cassie only brought the chalcedony piece out of superstition, but even so, it calmed her to stroke its rugged surface. The stone felt alive in her grasp the way it did when Adam had first given it to her. Hold on to it tight, he’d told her, and think of me. She did that now and felt her courage grow. But crossing over the county line into the town of Sandwich, Cassie’s fear heightened to a new level. The decaying sign alerting that she’d arrived read: INCORPORATED 1639, reminding Cassie of the deep-rooted history of the place as the oldest town in Cape Cod. The Tools themselves seemed to react to the setting all on their own. Cassie could swear they were warming to her body, growing hotter by the second as she followed the course she’d mapped out to Hawthorne Street. She should have a plan of attack, she realized, for when she encountered the hunters. She knew the witch-hunter curse by heart, and the Tools would surely come to her aid, but now that the reality of the situation was setting in, questions began to form in Cassie’s mind. She didn’t know how many hunters there would be. Was there a limit to how many she could take down with the one curse? And what if Scarlett was in even worse shape when she arrived than in Cassie’s dream? There was a fear lurking in the back of Cassie’s mind that Scarlett could have already been killed. Again, Cassie felt for the chalcedony rose. But even with the crystal’s comfort, when the house at 48 Hawthorne Street came into view, her whole being flooded with fear. It was just as she’d imagined it in her nightmares, identical to the image that came to her during the location spell. It was a broken-down beach cottage with driftwood-gray siding, and it was near the end of a long, desolate, sandy lane, with a large body of water on one side and tidal marshes on the other. There was no other house in sight. The terrible feeling in Cassie’s gut grew. The acid from her stomach crept up her throat, filling her mouth with a sickening taste. Every inch of her body screamed for her to turn around and drive back home. But she knew she couldn’t allow her fear to get the best of her now. Not when she’d come this far. With determination, she got out of the car and treaded across the long grass toward the house, but after only a few steps she froze. She tried to continue forward and couldn’t. There was some kind of magical barrier protecting the house’s perimeter, similar to the one Faye used to guard the hidden garter. But that would be easy enough for Cassie to penetrate while wearing the Tools. She touched each relic individually, adjusting them into place, and silently called on their collective power. It wasn’t her imagination, the Tools did feel hot to her touch, she was sure of it. â€Å"Be now dissolved, powerful shield!† Her voice left her throat sounding deep and gravelly as she sent all of her energy toward the house. She focused hard and said the words again, this time pushing with her mind until she felt the power of the Tools rush out of her like a blistering heat. The spell seemed to work at once. The dark cloud perched over the house cleared, and the guarding force at the property’s perimeter disappeared. The relics are really working, Cassie thought to herself. Scarlett was as good as saved. Without delay, she continued forward unhindered. Practicing the witch-hunter curse in her mind, she walked slowly and carefully in a state of deep meditation toward the house. When she was inches away from the front door, she could see it was windblown and water-damaged, rotted to a softness no wood should be. And the foundation of the house creaked and rattled in the wind, like it could come crashing down at any moment. It occurred to Cassie to try some kind of protection spell on herself before entering, or maybe another silence spell to assist her in sneaking into the house. But then she thought better of it. She would step inside just as she was, no cowardly tricks, no sleight of hand. The Tools were the only power she needed. Cassie listened for voices but heard none. In the eerie silence, the fear that Scarlett had already been killed raced through her mind. An image of her dead body hanging from the ceiling, swinging back and forth, like the arm of a clock – tick tock, tick tock – haunted Cassie. But she couldn’t step through this door with the slightest bit of distraction. She’d have seconds to cast the curse, less than that in fact. Cast the curse, rescue Scarlett, and then get the heck out of there. That was the plan. Carefully, Cassie placed her hand upon the rotted softness of the door. To her surprise, it wasn’t locked. In fact, it didn’t even appear to be fully closed. She pushed on its damp surface gently with the palm of her hand, and it swept open effortlessly. She was already chanting the witch-hunter curse under her breath, ready for anything that came at her, but when she stepped inside, the scene was nothing like what she saw in her dreams. The main room was large and tidy. Its walls were painted an oceanic blue and were finished with bright white crown molding. The hardwood floors were freshly waxed, and the air inside the room was warm and cedar-scented with the heat of a wood-burning fire. Scarlett was there, by herself, lounging on a faded sofa in front of the fireplace. Her dyed-red hair cascaded in healthy waves onto her shoulders, framing her rosy-cheeked smirking face. â€Å"Finally,† she said. â€Å"I’ve been getting so bored up here waiting for you.† Instantly Cassie knew she’d made a terrible mistake. This was all a trap. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 26, Essay examples

Managing Organizations and Leading People Business Model

Question: Describe about the Managing Organizations and Leading People for Business Model. Answer: Introduction When leadership comes in play, it tends to focus mostly on changes, the changes mainly work on creating systems that are needed by managers and eventually there is elevation of them to a whole new level. Looking at some of the definition of leadership, Ciulla (2008) argues that leadership tends to be a process that influences others to uniquely understand and agree on what is needed to be done and how it should be done, as well as the process that facilitates the individual or collective efforts to attain the shared objectives. Definition by Zehndorfer (2016) sees leadership as a process where individuals influence groups to achieve a common objective. Hence, the definitions create a central phenomenon such as individuals achieving a common goal or leadership involving influence of others. As a result of this definition the whole development of this paper will focus on the charismatic model of leadership whose aim is mostly focusing on the leadership aspect. Therefore, for effective argument of the charismatic leadership model, perhaps it would be important to at least try and come up with a complete overview of charismatic leadership description. Thus, charismatic according to Conger (1985) is a leadership styles that is recognized but perceived by many with less tangibility compared to other leadership styles. This kind of reality is receives difficult association of direct definition of charisma in an individual only when examine the individual. Zehndorfer (2016) works on defining the charisma model led to his categorization of charisma as an untraditional form of influence whereby leaders tend to possess exceptional qualities as perceived by followers. At times charisma is often a trait that is perceived to another, but the problem comes in describing the actual perception without direct reference of particular behaviour, traits or characteristics. Also followers attribution of charismatic qualities to leadership tends to be jointly determined by leadership expertise, behaviour or aspect of the situation. Taking exceptional behaviour aside, contextual factors such as crisis tends to have a significant role in charisma attribution. Therefore, the above overview effectively describes the view of a charismatic leader, thus in explaining the main issues of charismatic leadership; we will consider three factors that is vision, communication and trust. Ethics in Trust Establishing trust relationship with your followers as a leader tends to be crucial for any charismatic leader. Ingram (2013) creates notes that trust tends to be an extra ordinary because of its similarity with reverence. Sadler (2003) claims that trust must be in high levels between the leaders and followers, thus the aspect of integrity tends to be vital for creation of trust relationships. At times integrity is established through the demonstration of honesty and consistency that is between the said values and persons actions. Therefore, in this model of leadership for there to be trust one must always speak the truth for the purpose of quantifying values that one espouses to others. Thus, for purpose of full adherence to values charismatic leaders need to develop an understanding that of needs and values of followers. Hence, a subtle that is sensitive to play in this where leaders understand the need and values of followers and respect them via continuing mirror of personal conv ictions. Hence, in trust development it tends to be a process that effectively substantiates a charismatic leader poise and self sacrifice. Often this means that one is ready to sacrifice his position, money or other valued tangible activities that prove inherent congruent and maintain high levels of trust and relationship. Based on the above discussion of charismatic leader must accomplish this efforts through maintenance of trust and integrity. Teamwork through Communication Development of effective communication tends to be an essential quality in any form of leadership. With this in mind, it tends not to be different in charismatic leaders, but charismatic leaders have a unique character compared to the non charismatic leaders. Thus, for charismatic leaders effective communication factor goes beyond the merely dissemination of information. For effectiveness there is need of charismatics to include the emotional appeals within their rhetorics (Dayan Chan, 2012). Hence, this includes the use of symbols, metaphors, dramatic languages that tend to lend credibility to the communication process. Also, ideas, thoughts and concepts need to be articulated via inspiration and motivating manner. Hence, when charismatic leaders communicate with emotion, inspiration and motivation, the followers tend to react with charisma. At times charisma needs to appear with confidence and communication acts as self-confidence in rhetorical efforts (Stutje, 2012). Hence, this tends to be true mostly from distant charismatic leaders who communicate with followers through internet, television or radio. Hence, it will be expected that charismatic leaders will be recognized for the exciting and passionate public oratory. Hence, the methods of communication tend to be integral to the attribution of charisma (Ingram, 2013). Therefore, charisma leaders are often remembered because of their rousing speeches where crowds were frenzied with excitement. Thus, as a charisma leader you need to close the bridge distance gap and create effective communication via a variety of media for the purpose of being considered charismatic by your followers. Leadership in Vision Similar to communication, establishment of vision tends to be a vital trait for a successful leader. For charismatic leaders they often emerge with a vision that is mainly solution oriented and different from the status quo. Hence, new vision tends to be different from the way things were done previously and it tends to be an important separator compared to other leadership styles. As noted by Stutje (2012) other leadership styles tends to have a less radical new vision, thus charismatic leader tend to engage followers in radical change. Avolio Yammarino (2002) further indicates that a charismatic leader always articulates an ideological vision. Hence, the ideological vision being portrayed tends to be source of differentiation from the normative. Followers only attribute visionary attribute of charisma to leaders who have set personalized vision that allows steadfast resolve (Ciulla, 2008). But, truth of matter is that followers will not only attribute to charisma based on vision b ut with proper enthusiastic articulation of the vision. Therefore, charismatic leaders always translate radical and innovative ideas into social ideas, thus concerns of vision tends to be the internalization of vision in followers that tends to directly lead to attribution of charisma to leaders. From the three aspects discussed, it tends to provide an in-depth analysis of the charismatic leadership model. But, the most significant aspect is on how charismatic leaders organize or handle emerging situations based on charismatic model. After looking at this perhaps it would be vital to describe some of the leadership traits, skills and tasks which are effective in a leaders case, they include: Passionate- here, leaders need to be passionate in what they do. This is mainly done through levels of commitment which motivates team member to do a better work. Also, modelling of attitude tends to be a vital a leader must have so as to successful attained the set objectives (Zehndorfer, 2016). Assertiveness- as leaders you set requirements for you team and goals that need fulfilment. Therefore, in instances where leaders arent meeting expectations they need to be assertive. For an assertive leader, he or she should be bold and firm to go after the set goals. Thus, such levels of certainty and confidence may be important for tackling issues in your team. Empowering- supporting of team members tends to be the best way of encouraging members to perform. Empowering makes it clear that you trust team members judgement (Ciulla, 2008). Thus, as a leader you should give authority to people to carry out their duties and show them the significance of respect. Confidence- for a successful leader being confident in abilities and decisions tends to be a vital aspect. Therefore, for purpose of encouraging followers as a leader you should be confident with a strong feeling of sense of certainty about choices you make (Stutje, 2012). Flexibility- it is widely known that not everything goes as planned in any business. At times competitors tend to change tactics or there may be new government regulations. Therefore, it is vital for a leader to be flexible so as to change courses so as to make sure that a business survives. Responsibility- a successful leader is always responsible. A responsible leader always takes of the activities that are happening in a business. Therefore, as a leader you should always scrutinize activities in your firm so as to be able to effective and avoid losses in your businesses. In conclusion, the above discussion tends to significantly show how leadership is an important aspect in the attainment of organizational goals. Charismatic leaders based on the discussion provided are effective an efficient in the attainment of organizational goals. This tends to be so because of the aspects that emerge when one possess the charismatic qualities. Therefore, it should be recommended that based on the above discussion leaders adopt the above stated traits so as to become effective leaders. References Strong, C. R. (2009).The role of charismatic leadership in ending the Cold War: the presidencies of Boris Yeltsin, Vaclav Havel, and Helmut Kohl. Lewiston, Edwin Mellen Press Zehndorfer, E. (2016).Charismatic leadership: the role of charisma in the global financial crisis. Conger, J. A. (1985).Charismatic leadership in business: an exploratory study : a thesis. Sadler, P. (2003).Leadership. London, Kogan Page Ltd. Stutje, J. W. (2012).Charismatic leadership and social movements: the revolutionary power of ordinary men and women. New York, Berghahn Books. Dayan, H., Chan, K. B. (2012).Charismatic leadership in Singapore: three extraordinary people. New York, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Ingram, H. J. (2013).Charismatic leadership phenomenon in radical and militant Islamism. Farnham, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (2002).Transformational and charismatic leadership: the road ahead. Amsterdam, JAI. Zehndorfer, E. (2016).Charismatic leadership. [S.l.], Routledge. Ciulla, J. B. (2008).Leadership at the crossroads. Westport, Conn, Praeger.

The Party Identification Model and Partisan Dealignment free essay sample

The decline in political parties, in conjunction with accessibility of mass media, has led to the deterioration of internal party campaigning. As such, the party professional with their polling, surveys and other aspects of systematic elections research have replaced the party worker as the primary method of gathering campaign information. In the United States, political parties have responded to such weakness by utilising candidate centred politics, in which candidates mobilise their own electorate. Whilst the decline of political parties is prevalent within Britain and Australia, these electorates have not adapted to this movement away from the party organisation and continue to vote according to party-orientation as candidates are unable to gain their own base of support with voters placing party policies and national issues over candidate value. By the 1950s, a portrait of the American electorate was drawn that emphasised ‘the absence of ideology or specific issues as political motivations for the American voter and the overwhelming importance of a sense of affiliation with party for presidential and congressional voting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Party Identification Model and Partisan Dealignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Partisan identification was the anchor of stability for the political system; however, following the impact of short-term events during the 1960s, such as the Vietnam War, there was a decline in party loyalty as the American political system was weakened. Such decline is indicated by the substantial decrease in voter turnout, the sharp rise in split-ticket voting and an increase in volatility within the electorate. As the political parties’ ability to polarise opinion weakened and voters were set politically adrift, the candidates themselves had to fill the power vacuum. The American electorate had entered an era labelled by Frank Sorauf as the candidate-centred campaign in which ‘the party professional had given way to a different type of professional- the advertising and public relations man, the management specialist, the media specialist, the pollster- who performs services for candidates based on the skills he has acquired in non-political fields. ’. The party, as Sorauf claims, no longer played the main role as the organising intermediary in the campaigns as ‘candidates increasingly mobilised their own electorates. ’ As political party organisations became less important in mobilising voters, and as voters became less inclined to vote a straight party ticket, candidates began to turn to professionals who possessed the skills to market candidates through other media. Consequently, the primary factor in the rise of candidate centred campaigning is the atrophy of political party organisations within the U. S. Since the early twentieth century, there has been a gradual decline in the control exercised by party organisations over the most important aspects of the electoral process- candidate selections, issue positions, setting of strategies and allocation of campaign resources. The new politics of campaigning have arisen because of changes in the American political scene that have weakened traditional party structures and strengthened the personality of the candidate. Once powerful party organisations, such of those at their height during the 1950s and 1960s, which mobilised a pre-existing base of voters behind a party ticket, had now given way to a new politics dominated by ‘personalities’ who employ new means to mobilise a more fluid electorate. As noted in Martin Wattenberg’s, The Rise in Candidate-Centred Politics, there exists ‘countless survey evidence to document Americans’ lack of concern with partisanship and the role of political parties in the U. S. government. ’ Most persuasive is the belief that one should vote for the candidate, not the party. Even in 1956, when most voters were in fact voting straight tickets, seventy-four percent of respondents in the Gallup poll agreed with this general belief and by 1968 this figure had risen to eighty-four percent. The principle of placing the value of the candidate ahead of party policies has become a key characteristic of the American consensus, as political parties are not perceived as being as particularly meaningful as they are within Britain and Australia. It is commonly understood within the British electorate that artisan attachment has eroded since attitudinal surveys of the electorate began in 1964. Such partisan erosion occurs not in the sense that significantly fewer people are willing to identify themselves with a specific political party, but rather in the sense that they feel unable to claim a very strong affiliation with their preferred party. This is identified in Figure 1. 1, highlighting the continual decline in membership for both the two major parties within the U K, the Labour and Conservatives. In 1951, the Conservatives membership stood at 2. million, and by 2011, it had fallen to as low as 177 000 members. Whereas, the proportion of British Election Survey respondents claiming to have a partisan identity only dropped from ninety-three percent to eight-nine percent between 1964 and 1992, it was the number with a very strong identity that fell from forty-eight percent to nineteen percent. Figure 1. 1 UK Political Party Membership While there is convincing evidence of decline in party politics within Britain, there are also indications of stable party legitimacy that is not evident within the U. S. electorate. The 1987 British Social Attitudes Survey found that fifty-one percent of survey respondents claimed to vote for a given party, regardless of the candidate choice. Some twenty-nine percent indicated that candidate choice came into their voting decision to some extent or other, but only 5. 5 percent claimed to focus primarily on candidate. In Britain, individual candidates have not been able to base campaigns on their own accord as the campaign at the constituency level is relatively insignificant, as general elections are so dominated by the campaign at the national level. Voters will decide whether to change their vote according to the appeal of a national party leader, or national party policies but not according to the personality of their local candidate or their policies. Reinforcing the traditional view that the UK electorate is still predominantly party-orientated and that an overwhelming majority of electors place party considerations well above candidate appeals when deciding on how to vote. Furthermore, the ability of the political parties in the UK to adapt to growing party decline is evident by the continual high levels of electoral turnout. In the UK, turnout was actually higher in the 1992 general election than it was in that of 1945 election with 77. 7 percent compared to 72. 8 percent. In the 2010 elections, UK general election turnout was at 65. 1 percent, almost ten percent higher than the United States Presidential election with only 57. 5% of voter turnout. Such as in Britain, the Australian electorate favours party-orientated voting over candidate centred politics. However, as party memberships have collapsed in recent decades, the importance of political parties as a source of campaign workers and a guide to community opinion has declined. Like the U. S. , Australia’s major political parties are now dominated by professional campaigners, with people who are experts in reading opinion polls, conducting focus groups and crafting messages for speeches, media releases and television commercials. As such, the Australian people have stopped joining political organisations in the vast numbers, as voters can utilise the mass media to understand what is happening within the political sphere, via the internet, television and social networking. The ability to access such information has ensured that the voting public have become sceptical of ideologies, and cynical about the true motives of leaders and their party organisations. As the trust of the government has declined, however, candidates within the Australian electorate have still been unable to create their own base of support, as voters have placed national issues and party policy over candidate value. The results published in the Australian Electoral Study, 1987-2007 identify the importance placed on party policies over party candidates within the Australian electorate, emphasising that while party base support continues to decline, the importance of the party’s policy issues has actually increased since 1996 from 48. 6% to 52. 5%, as shown in Figure 1. 2. Figure 1. 2 Considerations in Voting Decision Within Australia, the weakness of party politics lies in a lack of balance between the campaign professionals and a substantial legion of engaged members who are involved for their commitment to a cause. This decay of party affiliation and the decline in party membership has caused the Liberals, Nationals and Labour parties to look towards some modified form of American-style primaries as a way of attracting wider public engagement through their candidate selection processes. However, Australian political parties would be slow to adopt any change and it would, as is the case in the U. S, reduce the importance of parties, as this process easily allows for candidates to bypass the internal party structures and build power bases directly in the broader electorate. The U. S. have entered a political era in which independence is the main characteristic of party politics and the party organisation is no longer the central focus of the modern campaign as electors are more independent of party labels and party loyalties. The once powerful ‘mass party’ within America has given way to the personalities of power within the party framework that utilise the resources of popularity and financial wealth to formulate issue positions, define strategy while communicating with the voters through the mass media. Against this, in the Australian and British electorate, parties continue to fulfill a number of crucial political functions and have not responded to party decline with the rise of candidate centred politics, as voters continue in their party-orientated voting. Evidently, the electorate has transformed with decay of party affiliation and the dramatic decline in party membership since their height in the 1950s. Nevertheless, political parties have shown evidence of their capacity to respond to these weaknesses and their changing environment and as such, it could be suitable to refer to the phenomenon of party adaptation rather than that of party decline. BIBLIOGRAPHY Australian Electoral Study 1987-2007, Trends in Australia: Political Opinion, lt;http://assda. anu. edu. au/aestrends. pdfgt;, 2008, (Accessed 24. 4. 2013) Agranoff, R. , ‘The New Style of Campaigning: The Decline of Party and the Rise of Candidate-Centered Technology,’ in Fishel, J. , ed. Parties and Elections in the Anti-Party Age, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1978, pp. 30-240. CNN Politics, Report Shows Turnout Lower than 2008 and 2004, lt;http://politicalticker. blogs. cnn. com/2012/11/08/report-shows-turnout-lower-than-2008-and-2004/gt;, 2012, (Accessed 25. 4. 2013) Dennis, J. , ‘Trends in Public Support for the American Party System’ in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 5, No. 2 , 1975, pp. 187-230. Everson, D. , ‘The Decline in Political Parties’, in Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 34, No. 4, 1982, pp. 49-60. Sorauf, F. , Political Parties in the American System, Boston, Little Brown, 1964. The Decline of the Political Parties, lt;http://makewealthhistory. org/2012/10/08/the-decline-of-the-political-parties/gt;, 2012, (Accessed 25. 4. 2013) UK Political Info, General Election Turnout 1945-2010, lt;http://www. ukpolitical. info/Turnout45. htmgt; , (Accessed 25. 4. 2013) Wattenberg, M. , The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1991. Webb, P. , ‘Are British Political Parties in Decline? ’ in Party Politics, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1995, pp. 299-322. [ 1 ]. Everson, D. The Decline in Political Parties, in ‘Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science’, Vol. 34, No. 4, 1982, pp. 51. [ 2 ]. Agranoff, R. , The New Style of Campaigning: The Decline of Party and the Rise of Candidate-Centered Technology, in Fishel, J. , ed. ‘Parties and Elections in the Anti-Party Age’, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1978, pp. 230. [ 3 ]. Sorauf, F. , Political Parties in the American System, Boston, L ittle Brown, 1964, pp. 108. [ 4 ]. Wattenberg, M. , The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1991, pp. 34. [ 5 ]. Dennis, J. ‘Trends in Public Support for the American Party System’ in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1975, pp. 187-230. [ 6 ]. The Decline of the Political Parties, , 2012. [ 7 ]. Webb, P. , Are British Political Parties in Decline? in ‘Party Politics’, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1995, pp. 305. [ 8 ]. Jowell, R. , et al. British Social Attitudes Report. Aldershot, Dartmouth Publishing, 1987. [ 9 ]. UK Political Info, General Election Turnout 1945-2010, . [ 10 ]. CNN Politics, Report Shows Turnout Lower than 2008 and 2004, , 2012. [ 11 ]. Australian Electoral Study 1987-2007, Trends in Australia: Political Opinion, , 2008, pp. 48.

Gathering of Old Men essays

Gathering of Old Men essays The book, A Gathering Of Old Men, is set in the 1970's and is heavily based on the ownership of black slaves in the south. Referring to racist and abusive acts towards blacks, the book also has a reoccurring theme of justice. Justice can be described many different way depending on the circumstances in which it is being used. Justice can best be described as the purposeful attempt to re-administer wrongs by a person, as shown in A Gathering Of Old Men. The individual by which justice is the most clearly observed in the book, is Charlie. Charlie, a black, worked for Beau, but being a racist, Beau cared little as to the well being of Charlie. Charlie told Mapes that all his life, all he ever did was run from people. He did what blacks and whites wanted him to do, and he would get abused if he did something either the right or wrong way. No matter what Parrain tried to do to make Charlie a man, it took 50yars of abuse for Charlie to say he had enough. Beau told Charlie that he wouldnt just cuss him, but beat him as well. Feeling that after 50 years, he couldnt allow that anymore, Charlie decided to get justice. In this case, it resulted in a murder. Two types of justice are represented in A Gathering Of Old Men. Charlie wanted personal justice, or to get revenge personally, for something someone has done. The court scene in the last chapter of the book showed legal justice, or justice for an individual though the courts. Justice is important to A Gathering Of Old Men because as Charlie said, hes now a man. Im a man,he said. I want the world to know it. I aint Big Charlie, nigger boy, no more, Im a man. Yall hear me? A man come back. Not a nigger boy. A nigger boy run and run and run. But a man come back. Im a man. (Page 187) Charlies justice for himself by standing up to Beau, gave him self respect, freedom, and respect from his friends and Mape...

Sigmund Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sigmund Freud - Essay Example To apply The Big Five personality traits to just Freud's professional persona would be to do him and the assessment a great injustice. This author intends to evaluate Sigmund Freud's personality based correspondence he kept with his most intimate companions, and his reactions to different conflicts. Neuroticism involves characteristics of anxiousness, anger-hostility, depressiveness, self-consciousness, impulsiveness and vulnerability. People who score extremely high on Neuroticism tests are extremely nervous hypersensitive; easily angered, continually depressed, easily embarrassed, extremely impulsive and easily overwhelmed by stress. Those who score very low for Neuroticism lack an appropriate amount of anxiety, are unable to express anger, unable to appreciate losses, indifferent to the opinions of others, restrained or restricted, and dull to danger. Extraversion is characterized by: warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, and positive emotions. Often people who score high as extraverts on personality exams are inappropriately affectionate, unable to tolerate being alone, domineering, pushy, driven; frantic; distractible reckless, careless, giddy; and they lose control of their emotions. Those who score low can't develop intimate relations; they are socially isolated, resigned, ineffective, sedentary and passive, dull, monotonous, solemn, and unable to enjoy things. People who have aspects of neuroticism in their personality tend to have traits of extraversion as well. Those characterized with a significant openness to experience fantasize a lot; they are idealistic and often very emotional. These people are preoccupied with their daydreams, obsessed with unusual interests, governed by strong emotions, unpredictable; they are preoccupied by strange ideas and lack a guiding belief system. Those who have a low factor of this trait tend to have very sterile imaginations, don't appreciate culture or art, and they rarely have strong feelings about anything. Individuals with a detrimental lack of openness to experience avoid change, stick to routine, and are dogmatic and closed minded. Agreeableness is a factor synonymous with trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty and tender-mindedness. People with a high factor of agreeableness are very gullible, self-disclosing, and they are often victimized. These people have a high inclination towards being submissive. People with this as a predominant factor in their personality often say things like: I feel others' emotions, I make people feel at ease, and I take time out for others. This type of behavior is one that is very vulnerable to be exploited. Finally, conscientiousness involves competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline, and deliberation. People with this trait are overly perfectionist, preoccupied with rules, workaholics and they have a single-minded pursuit of goals. All of the Big Five personality traits offer a spectrum for perfect analytical insight into one's character. In the case of Sigmund Freud, after a full assessment of his social behavior, it can be argued that both many aspects of Neuroticism and that of Extraversion are prevalently dominant in

Population Distributions - statistics lab report Essay

Population Distributions - statistics lab report - Essay Example This theory is based on the concept that a heart with small size will have smaller cardiac output as compared to the larger heart. Hence, this scientific theory proposes that the heart beat of the larger individual will beat slowly to meet the metabolic requirements. The above hypothesis will be examined by collecting a sample of short and tall individuals and identify whether there are significant differences in their heart beat rates. To prove this, an experiment will be conducted which will find out whether there are considerable differences in the heart rate of tall and short subjects. The experts in the field8 as have also emphasized that individuals who are physically fit have a higher stroke volume as compared to inactive individuals. This means that individuals having a poor physical condition will reach their maximum heart beat rate at a lower work level than individuals who are physically fit. Based on the above belief, a theory has been put forward that since physically fi t individuals have a higher aerobic capacity before reaching maximum heart rate therefore they will have a slower rate of increase in heart beat and a faster return to the resting return after the exercise. For the verification of aforementioned hypothesis, a controlled experiment will be conducted in which the subject’s heart rate before exercise and 15 minutes after exercise and then 30 minutes after exercise will be measured to know whether there are significant differences in the heart rate of individuals in the group. Null Hypothesis 1: Measurement of heart rate. Analysis of the data: a) Number of Subjects in each class Range Frequency 40-50 0 50-60 3 60-70 10 70-80 19 80-90 8 90-100 2 >100 0 b) Histogram Figure 1: Histogram of Heart Beats per Minute Median = 76 Mode = 80 Both the median and mode lie in the 70-80 subject group of the variable. c) The data for the given variable is spread symmetrically around the central location. It has a modal class. I expect the data t o be modal since most of the individuals will have a common heart beat rate with few exceptional cases. My expectations are supported by the graph of histogram as majority of the frequency of the data lies in the middle of set. d) Null Hypothesis: (There is no difference in the mean heart rate of the tall and short subjects) Alternative Hypothesis: (There is a difference in the mean heart rate of the tall and short subjects) Significance Level The hypothesis is to be performed at 5% significance level or 95% confidence level, so Critical Value The critical values for the two tailed test for with confidence level of are If the value of the t test statistic is lesser than -2.02 or greater than 2.02 than reject; otherwise do not reject. T-test Value: The data values for the small subject group and tall subject group are attached in the appendix (Table 1 and Table 2) Where By using formulas we calculate that (All the calculations are given in appendix) Where The value of t-test statisti c is -0.339 and it does not fall in the rejection region thus we do not reject the null hypothesis. The test results are not statistically significant at the 5% level; that is, at the 5% significance level, the data do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that there is difference in the mean heart rate of the tall and short individuals. Null Hypothesis 2 and 3: Heart rate and recovery after exercise. a) Mean heart rate These are the class mean heart rates (beats per minute) Before Exercise 75.2 Directly After Exercise 124.8 After 1 Minute 105.9 After 5 Minutes